New York

Confirmed directly from the official New York State Senate statute text: Penal Law §400.00(2)(f), the ordinary civilian handgun license category, is phrased as a license to 'have and carry concealed' — open carry is not an option under a standard civilian license. This predates and survives the 2022 Concealed Carry Improvement Act (CCIA); a bill (S2021) to add an open-carry option has been introduced but not enacted as of this research.

N.Y. Penal Law §265.01-e(2)(c), enacted by the post-Bruen Concealed Carry Improvement Act, defines 'any place of worship or religious observation' as a 'sensitive location' where carrying is a criminal offense, with only a narrow carve-out for persons responsible for security at that specific place of worship. Unlike NY's general private-property ('restricted location') category, sensitive locations CANNOT be opened up by the owner posting a sign allowing guns — the ban is absolute regardless of the congregation's wishes.

Penal Law § 265.01-e (enacted by the Concealed Carry Improvement Act, effective Sept. 1, 2022) designates as a "sensitive location" any establishment holding an active license for on-premises alcohol consumption under ABC Law articles 4, 4-A, 5, or 6 — essentially all restaurants that serve alcohol on-site, with no size/revenue carve-out. Violation is a class E felony even for CCL holders.

New York's post-CCIA sensitive-location statute (Penal Law § 265.01-e) bars carrying a firearm — even with a valid NY pistol license — in 'public parks,' explicitly defined to exclude the Adirondack/Catskill 'forest preserve.' Practically: a valid NY-licensed carrier is barred from carrying on a lake or launch situated inside an ordinary state park (many popular NY lakes are), is NOT barred within the forest-preserve exclusion, and is otherwise unrestricted on open water away from a listed sensitive location. Separately, New York does not recognize any other state's carry permit, so 'permit holder' here effectively means a NY-issued (or federally-recognized LEOSA) license.

Penal Law §265.01-e (enacted by the 2022 Concealed Carry Improvement Act) makes it a Class E felony for anyone, including a licensee, to possess a firearm at 'any location owned or under control of federal, state, or local government for the purpose of government administration, including courts' — a flat, broadly-worded ban covering a DMV office and city hall exactly as it covers a courthouse.

NY Penal Law §§ 265.01(3), 265.01-a, as amended by the 2022 Concealed Carry Improvement Act (effective Sept. 1, 2022), list "any place of education" as a statutory sensitive location where CCW carry is barred, covering public and private colleges/universities alike.

New York's CCIA (Penal Law § 265.01-d) originally made private property a presumptive 'restricted location' unless the owner posted conspicuous signage or gave express permission — the 'vampire rule.' According to reporting on the litigation, the Second Circuit made a permanent injunction against that default (Christian v. James, decided 5/18/2026), and the U.S. Supreme Court's Wolford v. Lopez (6/25/2026) confirmed as a matter of national constitutional law that this type of opt-in default violates the Second/Fourteenth Amendments. The practical rule in New York is now the flipped default: carry is permitted in an ordinary private business unless the owner has conspicuously posted a 'no firearms' sign. New York's many other specifically-enumerated 'sensitive locations' (transit, parks, etc.) are unaffected and remain in force.

Verified directly: N.Y. Penal Law 265.01-d makes it a class E felony to enter or remain on private property carrying a firearm 'where such person knows or reasonably should know that the owner or lessee ... has not permitted such possession' via clear/conspicuous signage OR express consent. This is a blanket opt-in default applying to private property broadly (not limited to businesses open to the public), and is unaffected by Wolford v. Lopez (2026), which addressed only Hawaii's rule for property open to the public.

New York Penal Law § 265.01-e, read directly from the official New York Senate legislation site, lists 'airports, train stations, subway and rail stations, and bus terminals' as part of New York's 'sensitive locations' where carrying (even with a valid license) is a crime — enacted as part of the post-Bruen Concealed Carry Improvement Act (CCIA). This is a whole-facility restriction with no secure/non-secure carve-out described in the statute.

New York requires a valid handgun license to carry a handgun anywhere outside home/business, including in a vehicle (NY Penal Law §265.03); a firearm found in a vehicle is presumed possessed by ALL occupants absent a specific statutory exception (Penal Law §265.15(3)). Federal law (FOPA) provides a narrow interstate-transport defense (unloaded, in the trunk or a locked container other than the glovebox), but New York has a well-documented history of not reliably honoring that defense for travelers — this is genuinely one of the highest-risk states for an out-of-state permit holder to get this wrong.

N.Y. Penal Law §265.01-e(2), part of the 2022 Concealed Carry Improvement Act, bars carrying at 'any location providing health, behavioral health, or chemical dependence care or services' — broad enough to cover hospitals and outpatient doctor's/therapist offices alike, public or private. Note: several CCIA 'sensitive place' provisions have been (and continue to be) challenged in litigation (e.g., Antonyuk v. James); verify current injunction status before relying on this for a specific date.

New York's Concealed Carry Improvement Act (Penal Law §265.01-e) contains one of the country's longest 'sensitive location' lists (government buildings, schools, health/behavioral facilities, parks/playgrounds/zoos, transit, bars, Times Square, etc.) — highway rest areas are not among them. Verified against the statute text directly.

NY Penal Law § 400.00(8): a licensee "is required to produce the license for inspection when asked by a law enforcement officer." No statutory duty to proactively volunteer that one is carrying was found — only a reactive license-production duty.

NY Penal Law §400.00(3)(a): applications go "to the licensing officer in the city or county... where the applicant resides, is principally employed or has his or her principal place of business as merchant or storekeeper." So a non-New York-resident can obtain a (typically premises- or business-restricted) license only through the county where they are principally employed or run a business, not simply by wanting to visit.

N.Y. Penal Law §§265.01(3), 265.01-a make it a felony for any person — explicitly including handgun license holders — to knowingly possess a firearm on school grounds/buildings without written institutional permission. No license-based exception exists.

New York does NOT have statewide preemption. NY Penal Law § 400.00(6): a carry license is valid statewide "except within New York City," unless a special permit validating it is separately issued by the NYPD Police Commissioner. New York City runs its own separate licensing division/rules (historically under the Sullivan Act framework), a named, major carve-out distinct from the rest of the state.

N.Y. Penal Law § 265.01-e(2)(q), part of the 2022 Concealed Carry Improvement Act (CCIA), designates 'any location being used as a polling place' a restricted/sensitive location where firearm possession is a Class E felony, subject to the statute's general exemptions (none apply to ordinary CCW licensees at polls).

10-round limit. NY Penal Law §§ 265.00(23), 265.02(8), 265.10. The SAFE Act's separate provision limiting how many rounds could be LOADED (7) was struck down in court, but the underlying 10-round magazine capacity/possession cap survived and remains enforced.

Extreme Risk Protection Order law, CPLR Article 63-A (2019). Broad petitioner list: family/household members, law enforcement, prosecutors, school administrators, and specifically-designated school personnel (teachers, counselors, psychologists, nurses, coaches), and physicians/psychologists/psychiatric professionals.

New York bans the core NFA categories for the average civilian outright, regardless of federal registration. NY Penal Law 265.02(2) makes possession of a firearm silencer or a machine gun a class D felony — no exception for a federal ATF Form 4 stamp. SBR/SBS and AOWs are likewise treated as prohibited weapons under NY law, independent of NFA compliance. New York City layers an even stricter local rule (Admin. Code 10-301) limiting these items to active law-enforcement personnel only.

Castle Doctrine state: N.Y. Penal Law § 35.15(2)(a) — duty to retreat with complete safety before deadly physical force, except (i) in the actor's own dwelling, not the initial aggressor, and (ii) the statute also removes the retreat requirement where the actor reasonably believes they face robbery, burglary, kidnapping, or certain sexual offenses, regardless of location. No duty at home (or in those specific violent-felony scenarios); duty to retreat applies elsewhere in public. Confirmed by direct review of the official statute text.

N.Y. Gen. Bus. Law § 898 (2013 SAFE Act) requires private sales to be processed through a licensed dealer or gunsmith for a NICS check; exception for immediate family transfers.